Chapter 1: The Quest for the Perfect Smile

The relentless pursuit of whiter teeth has become a hallmark of modern beauty standards. Ronald Perry, a dentist at Tufts University School of Dental Medicine, struggles to satisfy patients who seek the brightest smiles. Utilizing the VITA Classical Shade Guide, which showcases 19 shades of white, he finds that most patients opt for the most extreme options rather than the more natural creamy ivory.

As cosmetic dental procedures grow in popularity, our perception of what constitutes "white" has shifted dramatically. Perry notes that what was once deemed a natural shade is now often perceived as yellow. The introduction of bleached shades in the VITA guides reflects this change, as patients often demand a uniform, stark white akin to "Chiclets." Perry humorously refers to this desired hue as "TB1: Toilet-bowl white."

In this video titled Reacting to INSANE Anti-White Racism, the discussion delves into societal perceptions around whiteness, further highlighting the extremes individuals go to achieve it.

Section 1.1: The Science of Whitening

Whitening products typically rely on carbamide peroxide or hydrogen peroxide to penetrate tooth enamel, breaking down stain-causing compounds. Although these procedures are generally safe, excessive use can lead to tooth sensitivity, gum irritation, and even enamel erosion. Consequently, while whitening may enhance appearance, it does not necessarily contribute to dental health.

Subsection 1.1.1: The Cultural Obsession with Cleanliness

The cultural fixation on whiteness is not limited to dental aesthetics; it extends to our perceptions of cleanliness in broader society. Michael Zasloff, an immunologist, argues that while cleanliness is vital in certain settings, such as hospitals, an excessive emphasis on sterility in everyday life can have detrimental effects on our health. This notion aligns with the "hygiene hypothesis," which suggests that overly sanitized environments may lead to increased allergies and autoimmune disorders.

Chapter 2: The Symbolism and Evolution of White

In the video When the Black Gaze Expires: A Kardashian Commentary (Part One), the cultural implications of whiteness and its intersection with race are discussed, providing further context to our societal norms.

As Western culture evolved, so did the meanings associated with the color white. In the 19th and 20th centuries, the push for sanitation during outbreaks of diseases like cholera led to the adoption of white as an aesthetic standard in public spaces, including hospitals where cleanliness was visually represented through white walls and uniforms.

The rise of optical brighteners, which absorb ultraviolet light and emit blue-violet light, has further altered our perception of whiteness, making formerly white objects appear dingy. This manipulation of color reflects a broader social hierarchy, where products marketed as "whiter" carry an implicit message of superiority.

In conclusion, while the pursuit of whiteness permeates our culture—from gleaming smiles to spotless homes—emerging research suggests that this obsession may be misguided. Our relationship with microbes, which play a crucial role in our health, indicates that a balance between cleanliness and natural exposure is essential. As Zasloff suggests, embracing our microbial companions may lead to a healthier perspective on purity.

Yet, the allure of a whiter smile remains potent, as patients like Perry's continue to seek out this ideal. "Do you have to have whiter teeth to be functional? No," he states, but the confidence gained from a bright smile perpetuates the cycle of whitening.

Courtney Humphries is a Boston-based writer covering topics in science, medicine, architecture, and urban planning.